Indeed, terrorism and insurgency were much more acute problems in nearly all the Southeast Asian countries from the 1940s to 1980s. Similarly, religious consciousness and identity began to rise in Southeast Asia from the 1970s. While it is more visually pronounced among the Muslims, it is also evident among followers of other faiths, especially Christianity and Hinduism in Southeast Asia and elsewhere. Religious “fundamentalism” is by no means limited to Muslims.   Paper presented by Dato’ Seri Mohamed Jawhar Hassan at the 9th Asian Security Conference held at New Delhi on 9 - 10 February 2007.

Anyone observing the national unity scene in Malaysia would have noted the signs of decline for quite some time now. Views differ over when the slide began in earnest. I, like quite a few others, would put it in the Seventies, when issues of race and identity became sharpened after a spell when they moderated following the launch of the Rukunegara. The worst spike in national disunity of course occurred earlier, in the period preceding the May 13th Incident.  Publication: New Sunday Times, 3 December 2006.  Author: Mohamed Jawhar Hassan.

Author: Musalmah Johan. Publication: MIERScan, 27 November 2006.

Abstract: Since the introduction of the New Economic Policy 1971-1990 (NEP), Malaysia has achieved outstanding progress in poverty eradication. During this period the poverty incidence has dropped from 52.4 percent in 1970 to 15 percent in 1990. This index remains in a declining trend with the latest figures showing a drop from 8.5 percent in 1999 to 5.7 percent in 2004.

It is recognized that diversity can be defined from multiple points including diversity in perceived abilities and disabilities or rather exceptionalities. Exceptional individuals or those with special needs generally refers to individuals who differ from the societal or community standard of normalcy. As defined in the literature, they fall in the categories of individuals who have shown marked difference from the average or normal individual, in some identified aspects such as intellectual differences, communication differences, sensory differences, behavioural differences, physical differences, and multiple and severe handicapping conditions.

 There is an increasing awareness and the broadening of perspective that mainstreaming is not just about including individuals with differing background and with exceptionalities. It emphasizes on having self-empowerment, self-determination and equality.

Focuses on the application of the conventional human capital earnings to a Malaysian wage data in an attempt to determine the origins of sex differences in average earnings. Theoretical model of the human capital function; Application of the model to estimate sex differences in wages; Characteristics of data used in the analysis.